Rob Krar, two-time Western States champion , occasionally gets bored on the trail. When you buy something using the retail links in our stories, we may earn a small commission. Outside does not accept money for editorial gear reviews. Read more about our policy. Search Search. Solitary boredom might be one of the most important tools to finding your flow. The last category involves boredom incidents in relation to sports infrastructure issues.
Since the servicescape produces cognitive, affective, and physiological responses in both employees i. Since this category indicates facilities maintenance and sports equipment can have this effect, sports managers need to plan budgets to address infrastructural issues. Boredom-prone athletes are more susceptible to decreases in their performance, are more inclined to vary their brand preferences demonstrating variety seeking , and engage in impulse buying by purchasing additional products even when they do not need them.
In sum, the higher the level of boredom proneness in athletes, the more likely it is that their performance will be diminished. This result is in line with previous organizational psychology research identifying that boredom diminishes productivity, task engagement, and performance Drory, ; Kass et al.
Thus, older elite athletes perform better than younger ones. Findings from Study 2 also highlight that athletes prone to feeling bored engage in variety-seeking behaviors, as they demonstrate preferences for a greater number of sport drink brands. Past research shows that variety-seeking behaviors can manifest in brand preference Trijp et al.
Zandstra et al. Ha and Jang found evidence that boredom leads to variety-seeking behaviors in food choices. And Steenkamp and Baumgartner suggested that variety seeking provides relief from feeling bored. Thus, our results are in accordance with previous boredom literature. In addition to the abovementioned findings, Study 2 provides evidence that boredom-prone athletes engage in overconsumption behaviors. In the presence of sales promotions, athletes with higher boredom proneness are inclined to purchase more products when they do not need them.
Previous studies describe that when consumers feel bored, they seek rewards and engage in impulse buying to avoid their negative mood Gardner and Rook, In the next section, for each of the categories of boredom, we have analyzed the level of incidence and discuss the implications for sports management.
If athletes are boredom prone, they might alter their strict diets and make unhealthy, reward-seeking choices e. Additionally, when boredom exists, impulse buying behavior and conspicuous consumption happen.
Since boredom leads to a greater search for stimulation, athletes could engage in overconsumption. Therefore, it is recommended that coaches observe the consumption patterns of their athletes to prevent situations that could affect their emotional balance or even their personal finances and health. Interestingly, applying CIT to both sets of data showed that sources of boredom for coaches and athletes fall into similar categories.
Although the sample size is small, this exercise replicates our findings and extends the generalizability of the categories related to boredom incidents. Coaches rely on new technologies, materials, and equipment as institutional resources to reduce episodes of boredom in athletes.
Some of these feedback items suggest that creating a sense of novelty and interacting with technology can help in the quest to reduce boredom. Additionally, coaches refer to their need to develop social skills i. The role of sports management in both dimensions is crucial. Coaches identify that management needs to be in constant contact with athletes to motivate them. Finally, coaches strongly suggest that sports managers plan according to the type of teams and players they manage.
Planning skills in terms of designing practices are relevant. The results of this research should be seen in the light of some limitations. First of all, our study had a cross-sectional design, which restricted our ability to generalize the findings.
However, the measure we used was a result of a joint effort between the coaches and the authors to develop a measure that is capable of identifying both the top performers and the irregular performers. Third, we used a short version of the boredom proneness scale due to the time limitations of our sample of athletes. Future studies should use longer versions of the boredom proneness scales, such as the ones developed by Farmer and Sundberg and Vodanovich et al.
In addition, the findings from Study 2 might need careful consideration as we unfortunately did not control for mood when examining the relationships among the variables included in our regression models.
Finally, one individual included in our sample is a year-old triathlon athlete. Evidence from Vondanovich and Kass shows that age influences boredom, as older individuals are ought to be less prone to boredom. That is why age was included as a control variable in our regression models. Finally, taking into consideration our findings, we suggest a venue of topics for future studies that will allow for a greater understanding of the prevalence of boredom in athletes and its effects.
Both authors contributed equally to the investigation. Content analysis of boredom incidents was equality distributed among the authors and independent judges. In the data collection process, a team of research assistants helped the authors with the interviews and the survey data collection. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Finally, we thank the reviewers for their valuable feedback. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Psychol v.
Front Psychol. Published online May Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This article was submitted to Movement Science and Sport Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology.
Received Jan 27; Accepted Apr 3. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract There is a common misconception that elite athletes enjoy their sports activities so much that they cannot feel bored. Keywords: boredom, sports management, athlete performance, overconsumption, brand loyalty, emotions.
Introduction Boredom has usually been described as a negative emotion experienced in relation to monotonous types of activities Halbesleben and Buckley, Materials and Methods The research approach of our investigation combined qualitative and quantitative methods.
Participants The sample strategy included several rules and criteria to recruit participants. Data Analysis The authors and three independent judges completed the CIT content analysis by coding the incidents into categories. Variable Mean SD 1 2 3 4 1. Overall performance 3. Brand preferences 2.
Overconsumption 4. Open in a separate window. Results Study 1 Boredom Incidents Among Elite Athletes The contribution of Study 1 involves identifying boredom incidents among athletes and classifying them into theoretical categories. Category name Illustrative quotes Percentage of total 1.
Monotonous and repetitive activities The last time I felt bored in training was when the workouts were very repetitive, doing the same tasks every Monday of every week, even the next days. This often tires me because doing the same thing does not help much.
Anticipated negative mood Currently I am feeling very tired and sleepy when attending the morning training sessions. That is why I feel bored. So, I wanted to leave the practice because I was feeling frustrated and bored at the same time. Waiting I was waiting for the next game, and since I did not have anything to do until the game starts, I was feeling bored and lazy. Lack of competitiveness and challenges I am used to getting bored when there is no upcoming competition.
The last time was during summertime in which I was in great physical and mental condition, but there was no budget to compete and training without competing is frustrating especially in contact type of sports. Lack of participation in activities The truth is that I really like practices, but I get bored when one group of girls is more actively involved in training while the others are just passing the balls.
If we were having a more active task, the training would be more pleasant. My teammates play very well, and we were ahead on the scoreboard by several points, so I was just watching the game. Lack of empathy with teammates and coaches We recently switch to a new coach, but I do not like him. I still miss my old coach, so I felt frustrated and bored at the same time.
Infrastructure issues The last time I was bored was about a year ago. We had workouts without the necessary equipment and uniforms. In those moments, it felt like I simply did not want to continue being part of the team. This caused the whole season to become boring. Discussion Although most people think that elite athletes are privileged because they have managed to make their passion their profession, the reality is different.
Inter-group relationships I need to develop skills in integrating players, motivating them, and making them all to participate in our practices. Motivational factors e. Planning I would like to spend more time with the high-end athletes that compete for our university than coaching non-experienced teams. Other I bet the players will like to listen to other experienced players, so guest speakers might work.
Limitations and Future Research The results of this research should be seen in the light of some limitations. Data Availability Statement The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. Author Contributions Both authors contributed equally to the investigation. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Footnotes Funding. References Atousa G. Double-edged sword of sport: do sport exercises have positive effect on mental health. To foster empathy, it is recommended that coaches and athletes engage in leisure and recreation activities outside the field related to their sport discipline. The last category involves boredom incidents in relation to sports infrastructure issues. Since the servicescape produces cognitive, affective, and physiological responses in both employees i.
Since this category indicates facilities maintenance and sports equipment can have this effect, sports managers need to plan budgets to address infrastructural issues. Boredom-prone athletes are more susceptible to decreases in their performance, are more inclined to vary their brand preferences demonstrating variety seeking , and engage in impulse buying by purchasing additional products even when they do not need them.
In sum, the higher the level of boredom proneness in athletes, the more likely it is that their performance will be diminished. This result is in line with previous organizational psychology research identifying that boredom diminishes productivity, task engagement, and performance Drory, ; Kass et al. Thus, older elite athletes perform better than younger ones. Findings from Study 2 also highlight that athletes prone to feeling bored engage in variety-seeking behaviors, as they demonstrate preferences for a greater number of sport drink brands.
Past research shows that variety-seeking behaviors can manifest in brand preference Trijp et al. Zandstra et al. Ha and Jang found evidence that boredom leads to variety-seeking behaviors in food choices. And Steenkamp and Baumgartner suggested that variety seeking provides relief from feeling bored. Thus, our results are in accordance with previous boredom literature. In addition to the abovementioned findings, Study 2 provides evidence that boredom-prone athletes engage in overconsumption behaviors.
In the presence of sales promotions, athletes with higher boredom proneness are inclined to purchase more products when they do not need them. Previous studies describe that when consumers feel bored, they seek rewards and engage in impulse buying to avoid their negative mood Gardner and Rook, In the next section, for each of the categories of boredom, we have analyzed the level of incidence and discuss the implications for sports management. If athletes are boredom prone, they might alter their strict diets and make unhealthy, reward-seeking choices e.
Additionally, when boredom exists, impulse buying behavior and conspicuous consumption happen. Since boredom leads to a greater search for stimulation, athletes could engage in overconsumption. Therefore, it is recommended that coaches observe the consumption patterns of their athletes to prevent situations that could affect their emotional balance or even their personal finances and health.
Interestingly, applying CIT to both sets of data showed that sources of boredom for coaches and athletes fall into similar categories. Although the sample size is small, this exercise replicates our findings and extends the generalizability of the categories related to boredom incidents. Coaches rely on new technologies, materials, and equipment as institutional resources to reduce episodes of boredom in athletes. Some of these feedback items suggest that creating a sense of novelty and interacting with technology can help in the quest to reduce boredom.
Additionally, coaches refer to their need to develop social skills i. The role of sports management in both dimensions is crucial. Coaches identify that management needs to be in constant contact with athletes to motivate them. Finally, coaches strongly suggest that sports managers plan according to the type of teams and players they manage. Planning skills in terms of designing practices are relevant. The results of this research should be seen in the light of some limitations.
First of all, our study had a cross-sectional design, which restricted our ability to generalize the findings. However, the measure we used was a result of a joint effort between the coaches and the authors to develop a measure that is capable of identifying both the top performers and the irregular performers.
Third, we used a short version of the boredom proneness scale due to the time limitations of our sample of athletes. Future studies should use longer versions of the boredom proneness scales, such as the ones developed by Farmer and Sundberg and Vodanovich et al.
In addition, the findings from Study 2 might need careful consideration as we unfortunately did not control for mood when examining the relationships among the variables included in our regression models.
Finally, one individual included in our sample is a year-old triathlon athlete. Evidence from Vondanovich and Kass shows that age influences boredom, as older individuals are ought to be less prone to boredom. That is why age was included as a control variable in our regression models. Finally, taking into consideration our findings, we suggest a venue of topics for future studies that will allow for a greater understanding of the prevalence of boredom in athletes and its effects.
The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. Both authors contributed equally to the investigation. Content analysis of boredom incidents was equality distributed among the authors and independent judges. In the data collection process, a team of research assistants helped the authors with the interviews and the survey data collection. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Finally, we thank the reviewers for their valuable feedback. Atousa, G. Double-edged sword of sport: do sport exercises have positive effect on mental health. Depression 12, 9— Google Scholar. Beaton, D. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine 25, — Bench, S. Boredom as a seeking state: boredom prompts the pursuit of novel even negative experiences.
Emotion Bitner, M. Servicescapes: the impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees. Bruursema, K. Bored employees misbehaving: the relationship between boredom and counterproductive work behaviour. Work Stress 25, 93— Buckley, R. Qualitative analysis of emotions: fear and thrill. Butterfield, L. Fifty years of the critical incident technique: and beyond. Carter, I. Abingdon: Routledge. Motivation in sport: an achievement goal perspective in young Spanish recreational athletes.
Motor Skills 92, — Chin, A. Bored in the USA: Experience sampling and boredom in everyday life. Crawford, G. The importance of impulse purchasing behaviour in the international airport environment.
Cummings, M. Boredom in the workplace: a new look at an old problem. Factors 58, — Darden, D. Boredom: a socially disvalued emotion. DeVellis, R. Scale Development: Theory and Applications.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications. Drory, A. Individual differences in boredom proneness and task effectiveness at work. Dubin, R. Duda, J. Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport.
Ellsworth, P. From appraisal to emotion: differences among unpleasant feelings. Elpidorou, A. The bright side of boredom. Farmer, R. Boredom proneness, the development and correlates of a new scale. Fisherl, C. Boredom at work: a neglected concept. It's normal to feel sore as you begin a new fitness program and use your muscles in new ways. Don't let this soreness stop you from working toward your goals. Stretching, ice, massage, heat and light exercise, such as walking or biking, may help alleviate any discomfort.
However, keep moving to keep your muscles loose as you recover. As you progress on your exercise journey, your muscles get stronger, and you will experience less soreness and quicker recovery. It's important to distinguish between mild soreness and muscle injuries. Sore muscles feel tender, tired or achy. In contrast, a sports injury usually produces sharp, stabbing or deep pains. This pain could linger even after resting.
Talk with your health care provider if you are experiencing this type of pain. Shoulder pain Pain in your shoulder could be from the joint itself or from any of the many surrounding muscles, ligaments or tendons. Some common causes of shoulder pain are poor posture ; tendonitis , which is inflammation in the muscles from overuse; or rotator cuff injury , which is injury or wear and tear on the tendon tissues of the shoulder joint.
You can prevent shoulder pain by practicing proper posture, and performing rotator cuff and scapular strength exercises. One of the most effective ways to accomplish both is by squeezing the muscles between the base of your shoulder blades and guiding them down toward your back pockets. Knee pain Similar to shoulder pain, knee pain can be caused by the joint, muscles, ligaments, tendons or bursae around the joint. The severity of knee pain can vary widely, from a slight twinge to pain that interferes with daily activities.
A common type of knee pain occurs around your kneecap. This type of knee pain, called patellofemoral pain , is sometimes referred to as "runner's knee" and is common in people who participate in sports that involve running or jumping. It is caused by overuse, injury, excess weight, poor alignment of the kneecap or changes underneath the kneecap. This injury is also common in young athletes, especially female athletes. You can prevent runner's knee by practicing proper form and mechanics during squatting and jumping activities, as well as performing exercises to stabilize the knee joint and promoting proper alignment of the knee cap.
Shin splints Medial tibial stress syndrome, commonly called shin splints, is pain in the tibia, which is the large bone in the front of the lower leg. With this injury, shins throb and ache following running or jumping activities.
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