This was an inoculation also known as a variolation, whereby samples are taken from infected patients, with the desire that a mild infection would provide future protection. This had a long-term impact on Jenner. At the age of fourteen, his career looked promising when he joined Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon from Gloucestershire as an apprentice. This provided young Jenner with valuable experience, serving seven years and gaining much knowledge and expertise.
One of the most important experiences Jenner had whilst working as an apprentice, was on one particular occasion, when he overheard from a local milkmaid that she was now safe from smallpox because she had already had cowpox. This remark intrigued Jenner, who would go on to study in London and still recall the words of the young milkmaid.
He was however destined to be, first and foremost, an English country doctor, choosing to return to his roots and set up practice in Berkeley where he quickly became a successful local family doctor. Whilst he continued his work as a doctor he would meet up with surgeons and like-minded individuals to form the Gloucestershire Medical Society who would regularly meet to discuss issues of medicine at the Fleece Inn in Rodborough. This informal group would discuss issues and share ideas with one another over dinner, reading and publishing papers on a wide variety of matters.
Jenner would also partake in similar meetings with another society at Alveston, close to Bristol. During this time Jenner made valuable contributions to a variety of medical papers. He felt most comfortable in his own surroundings in Gloucestershire where he would continue to expand his knowledge on a variety of matters through observation and experimentation. In fact, through his scientific investigations, Jenner was able to demonstrate how the young cuckoo had an anatomical adaptation in its back that allowed it to remove the eggs from the nest, an adaptation that would not remain past the twelfth day of its life.
Cowpox is a mild viral infection of cows. It causes a few weeping spots pocks on their udders, but little discomfort. Milkmaids occasionally caught cowpox from the cows. Although they felt rather off-colour for a few days and developed a small number of pocks, usually on the hand, the disease did not trouble them. In May a dairymaid, Sarah Nelmes, consulted Jenner about a rash on her hand.
He diagnosed cowpox rather than smallpox and Sarah confirmed that one of her cows, a Gloucester cow called Blossom, had recently had cowpox. Edward Jenner realised that this was his opportunity to test the protective properties of cowpox by giving it to someone who had not yet suffered smallpox.
He chose James Phipps, the eight-year old son of his gardener. On 14th May he made a few scratches on one of James' arms and rubbed into them some material from one of the pocks on Sarah's hand. A few days later James became mildly ill with cowpox but was well again a week later. So Jenner knew that cowpox could pass from person to person as well as from cow to person. The next step was to test whether the cowpox would now protect James from smallpox.
On 1st July Jenner variolated the boy. As Jenner anticipated, and undoubtedly to his great relief, James did not develop smallpox, either on this occasion or on the many subsequent ones when his immunity was tested again. Jenner followed up this experiment with many others.
In each of the next two years he published the results of further experiments, which confirmed his original theory that cowpox did indeed protect against smallpox. Jenner's newly proven technique for protecting people from smallpox did not catch on as he anticipated. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience.
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