In all the scurrying about, little medical attention had been paid to him. Malcolm still had a pulse, though it was weak and rapid.
Roberts had trained as a medical corpsman in the Navy. He began giving Malcolm mouth-to-mouth. Roberts later reported these efforts, along with everything else he observed, to the police department.
Roberts cited his training as a medic, and his oath as a cop to defend human life. Still, he was chastised, which made him indignant. At the ballroom, an ambulance finally arrived. Goodman and the other assistants made their way out of hiding in the back room.
But before Malcolm was moved from the hall, his body was disturbed once more. Before the event at the Audubon, Raheem had pressed Malcolm to maintain a heavy security presence. When Malcolm refused, Raheem convinced him to take his pistol: a dark, snub-nosed, five-shot.
The revolver was designed to be easily concealed on the small of his back. Raheem approached Malcolm and covered him with his long camel-hair coat. Then he reached under Malcolm and found the weapon. It is likely that police were aware beforehand that Malcolm was armed and, by some accounts, may have expected a shoot-out between Muslim gunmen and the Black leader.
They narrowly missed the. When they departed, Raheem ground the weapon into powder on a rigged emery wheel. Cheated of being able to declare that Malcolm had been armed with an illegal weapon—a man who lived by the gun and died by it—authorities were left to solve the murder of a Black martyr they despised.
This task was complicated by the long-standing secret of the illegal F. The result was a botched investigation.
The D. But neither had participated in the assassination plot. Goodman had supervised Butler and Johnson for years when Malcolm ran the Harlem mosque. He knew that they were not present in the ballroom. He had seen Davis and Bradley at the ballroom, and could have identified them. Roberts told all of this to his superiors in the police department, but authorities, not wanting his cover to be blown, did not call him to testify.
He remained undercover and went on to infiltrate several other Black nationalist groups, including the Black Panthers. At the trial, Hayer pled guilty, but insisted that Butler and Johnson were not involved.
Years later, he signed an affidavit reasserting their innocence, and stating that Bradley and Davis had been the other shooters. Nevertheless, Butler and Johnson were convicted. It was a case study in covering the tracks of the police, the federal government, and the F. After the assassination, they drove back to the Newark mosque and were greeted by a group of senior ministers, which included Louis Farrakhan, the current leader of the Nation of Islam.
According to Jeremiah X, the Philadelphia minister, Muhammad had placed him at the mosque to make him complicit in the killing of his former mentor, and to insure his silence.
Farrakhan has long denied playing a role in the plot. Shabazz died in Talib, the member of the Newark squad, recalled that their identities became an open secret in the Nation. They just looked at me and winked. Like the cops do when they kill one of us, they give each other the wink. Davis could not be located for comment, and is also believed to be dead. In February, the Manhattan D.
In the days after his assassination, Malcolm was vilified in the mainstream press. Major media outlets described him as gifted but evil—a twisted, distorted, embittered fanatic who was fascinated with violence and who, as a result, was destined to become its victim.
December 1: Just a few days after President John F. Kennedy has been assassinated, Malcolm speaks at a Nation of Islam rally in New York and, in response to a question, describes the foul play that the United States has committed around the world and states that Kennedy's slaying is "a case of chickens coming home to roost.
Malcolm is also removed as the Nation's national representative and as minister of the Harlem Temple No. January Malcolm and his family spend a week at boxer Cassius Clay's Miami compound; Clay, though not yet a Muslim, seeks guidance as he prepares for a fight against Sonny Liston.
After this visit, tensions increase between Malcolm and Elijah Muhammad. Cassius Clay becomes a member of the Nation of Islam and is re-named Muhammad Ali at the Nation's annual convention; Malcolm is not invited. March: Suspended "indefinitely" by the Nation of Islam, Malcolm announces plans to form his own organization called "Muslim Mosque Incorporated. Malcolm predicts that Black Muslim leaders will murder him because "I know where the bodies are buried.
April: Malcolm delivers his famous election year "Ballot or the Bullet" speech, then leaves for a five-week tour of Egypt, Lebanon, Liberia, Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana, and Saudi Arabia, where he makes a pilgrimage to Mecca and receives a new Islamic name: El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, as well as expresses a somewhat different attitude about race. In Mecca, Malcolm writes, he witnessed "pilgrims of all colors from all parts of this earth displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood like I've never seen before.
Summer-Fall: Although celebrated as a leader abroad, Malcolm finds himself under increased attack at home; the Nation of Islam begins eviction proceedings against him, his brother Philbert denounces him, and his life is threatened. Malcolm retaliates by making repeated public reference to Elijah Muhammad's adultery. Malcolm also forms the Organization of Afro-American Unity OAAU , reflecting a growing political agenda, and spends nearly five months in Africa visiting heads of state and lobbying for his U.
Winter: Malcolm returns briefly to America, then flies to England to participate in a debate at Oxford University. Louise Little is finally released from the Michigan mental hospital. He flies to London the next day and is subsequently refused entry into France. In Alex Haley's words, "What I was seeing was a man who was valiant beyond belief, whose structural world was tottering, and he was trying to hold it together.
February Malcolm X is assassinated while speaking at an OAAU rally in Harlem; three members of the Nation of Islam are later convicted despite the fact that the assailant apprehended at the scene Talmadge Hayer insisted that his two co-defendants are innocent.
Later that year, The Autobiography of Malcolm X is published, and Betty Shabazz, who was pregnant at the time of Malcolm's murder, gives birth to his last two daughters. Discover the fascinating story of Elizebeth Smith Friedman, the groundbreaking cryptanalyst who helped bring down gangsters and break up a Nazi spy ring in South America.
Her work helped lay the foundation for modern codebreaking today. I n the summer of , hundreds of wildfires raged across the Northern Rockies. By the time it was all over, more than three million acres had burned and at least 78 firefighters were dead. It was the largest fire in American history. He felt black Americans were entitled to secure their rights "by any means necessary" — up to and including the use of violence.
Taking over from the organization's founder, Elijah Muhammad helmed the Nation of Islam during a period of limited growth. He learned to place the American civil rights movement within the context of a global anti-colonial struggle, embracing socialism and pan-Africanism. After his epiphany at Mecca, Malcolm X returned to the United States less angry and more optimistic about the prospects for a peaceful resolution to America's race problems.
Just as Malcolm X appeared to be embarking on an ideological transformation with the potential to dramatically alter the course of the civil rights movement, he was assassinated. He had just begun addressing the room when multiple men rushed the stage and began firing guns. Struck numerous times at close range, Malcolm X was declared dead after arriving at a nearby hospital. Three members of the Nation of Islam were tried and sentenced to life in prison for murdering the activist.
In the early s, Malcolm X began working with acclaimed author Alex Haley on an autobiography. The book details Malcolm X's life experiences and his evolving views on racial pride, Black nationalism and pan-Africanism.
The Autobiography of Malcolm X was published in after his assassination to near-universal praise. The New York Times called it a "brilliant, painful, important book," and Time magazine listed it as one of the 10 most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.
Malcolm X has been the subject of numerous movies, stage plays and other works, and has been portrayed by actors like James Earl Jones , Morgan Freeman and Mario Van Peebles. Both the film and Washington's portrayal of Malcolm X received wide acclaim and were nominated for several awards, including two Academy Awards.
In the immediate aftermath of Malcolm X's death, commentators largely ignored his recent spiritual and political transformation and criticized him as a violent rabble-rouser.
But especially after the publication of The Autobiography of Malcolm X , he will be remembered for underscoring the value of a truly free populace by demonstrating the great lengths to which human beings will go to secure their freedom. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives.
Elijah Muhammad rose from poverty to become the charismatic leader of the black nationalist group Nation of Islam, and mentor of Malcolm X and Louis Farrakhan. Martin Luther King Jr. After his assassination, he was memorialized by Martin Luther King Jr. Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot and killed by an Alabama state trooper in ; his death inspired a civil rights demonstration that led to the Voting Rights Act.
Muhammad Ali was a heavyweight boxing champion with an impressive win record. He was also known for his brave public stance against the Vietnam War. Philip Randolph was a trailblazing leader, organizer and social activist who championed equitable labor rights for African American communities during the 20th century. Until his assassination, he vigorously supported Black nationalism. Malcolm X's Life in Photos.
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